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Phú Xuân was a historic place in Huế, Vietnam. It was the capital of the Nguyễn Lords, Tây Sơn Dynasty and later become a part of Nguyễn Dynasty's capital in Huế.
In 1306, the king of Champa Che Man offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures Ô and Lý in exchange for a marriage with Vietnamese princess Huyen Tran. The Vietnamese king Tran Anh Tong accepted this offer, then he took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture to Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture, both of them often referred shortly as Thuận Hóa region.
In 1592, the Mạc Dynasty was forced to flee to Cao Bang and the Le kings became new de jure Vietnamese rulers. Nguyen Kim, the leader of Le dynasty loyalist, was poisoned by a Mac Dynasty general. Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, took over the leadership and assassinated Kim's eldest son, Nguyen Uong, in order to secure his authority. Nguyen Hoang, another son of Nguyen Kim, feared of having a fate like Nguyen Uong so that he pretended to have mental illness and asked his sister Ngoc Bao, who was a wife of Trinh Kiem, to entreat Kiểm to let Hoàng govern Thuận Hóa, the furthest south region of Vietnam. Because Mac dynasty loyalists were being revolted in Thuan Hoa and Trinh Kiem was busy in fighting the Mac Dynasty forces in northern Vietnam during this time, Ngoc Bao's request was approved and Nguyễn Hoàng went south. After Hoàng pacified Thuận Hóa, he and his successor Nguyen Phuc Nguyen serectly made this region loyal to the Nguyen family; then they rose against the Trịnh Lords. Vietnam erupted into a new civil war between two de facto ruling families: the clan of the Nguyen Lords and the clan of the Trinh Lords.
The Nguyen lords chose Thừa Thiên, a north territory of Thuan Hoa, as their family seat. In 1687, in the reign of Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Trăn, the construction of a citadel was started in Phu Xuan, a village of Thừa Thiên. The citadel was a power symbol of Nguyen family rather than a defensive building because the Trinh lords' army could not overpass the Nguyen lord defense in the north regions of Phu Xuan. In 1744, Phu Xuan officially became capital of central and southern Vietnam after Nguyen lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát proclaimed himseft Võ vương (Võ King or Martial King in Vietnamese). However, Tay Son rebellions broke out in 1771 and quickly occupied a large area of land from Quy Nhơn to Bình Thuận, thereby weakening the authority and power of the Nguyen lords. While the war between Tay Son rebellion and Nguyen lord was being occurred, the Trinh lords sent south a massive army and easily captured Phu Xuan in 1775. After the capture of Phu Xuan, the Trinh lords general Hoang Ngu Phuc made a tactical alliance with Tay Son and withdrew almost all troops to Tonkin and left some troops in Phú Xuân. In 1786, Tay Son rebellion defeated the Trinh garrison and occupied Phu Xuan. Under the reign of emperor Quang Trung, Phu Xuan became Tay Son dynasty capital. In 1802, Nguyen Anh, a successor of the Nguyen lords, recaptured Phu Xuan. Nguyen And rebuilt entirely the citadel and made it the center of the Nguyen dynasty's capital city of Huế.